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Moral Philosophy Introduction to ethics, with links to other articles at the IEP.
Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich 18th century German philosopher, famous for effective criticism of Kant.
Just War Theory Some of those who have attempted to justify war include Aquinas, Grotius, and Pufendorf.
Positivism, Legal Theory that law is manufactured according to certain social conventions.
Leucippus 5th century BCE founder of atomism.
Locke, John Article on the life and work of the influential philosopher.
Lombard, Peter French scholastic theologian of the 12th century, influenced by Abelard.
Lotze, Rudolf Hermann 19th century German philosopher who criticised the pantheism of Hegel.
Lucretius Roman poet and advocate of Epicurean philosophy.
Menippus Third century BCE Greek philosopher and satirist.
Mill, John Stuart 19th leader and prophet of utilitarianism, heir to the Hume-Bentham line, and influential force in modern political theory. Author of On Liberty (1859), and Utilitarianism (1863).
Moral Luck Andrew Latus, St. Francis Xavier University, summarizes the discussion between Thomas Nagel and Bernard Williams on the question: Can luck ever make a moral difference?
Natural Law Standards that govern human behavior objectively derived from the nature of human beings.
Natural Theology Used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to describe knowledge of God drawn from nature.
Neoplatonism The revival of Greek philosophy in 3rd century BCE, led by Plotinus and his disciple, Porphyry. Influenced by both Pythagoras and Plato.
Ockham, William of Detailed biography of the 14th century Franciscan.
Origen Father of the early Church, born around 182.
Solipsism The doctrine of the solipsist is that existence means my existence and that of my mental states.
Paley, William 18th century British theologian.
Parmenides Greek philosopher and poet.
Peripatetics Brief history of the Peripatetic doctrines.
Plotinus 3rd century CE founder of Neo-Platonism.
Poincaré, Jules Henri 19th century French philosopher of science.
Prodicus 5th century BCE sophist, possibly a mentor of Socrates
Protagoras Early Greek sophist.
Pyrrho 4th century BCE founder of the Greek school of skepticism.
Pythagoras The 6th century BCE philosopher.
Reichenbach, Hans Leading German philosopher of science, and logical positivist.
Renaissance Brief article on the transition between middle ages and modernity.
Roman Philosophy Short introduction to Roman philosophy from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Shaftesbury, Earl of Patron of John Locke
Shpet, Gustav Leading proponent of Russian transcendental phenomenology.
Skepticism, Ancient Greek A description of skepticism in Ancient Greece, led by Pyrrho.
Skepticism, Contemporary Introduction to the current discussion of skepticism.
Solovyov, Vladimir 19th century Russian philosopher.
Sophists Teachers of philosophy in Ancient Greece, including Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and Hippias.
Spinoza, Benedict 17th century pantheist, critic of Descartes.
Stephen, Leslie 19th century British academic.
Stilpo 4th century BCE member of the Megarean school.
Stirling, James Hutchison 19th century British Idealist, Hegelian academic.
Stoicism Description of the system of ethics, popular in Ancient Greece, which has physics as its foundation.
Symposium Drinking-parties in Ancient Greece where the guests reclined on couches, and were crowned with garlands of flowers.
Synderesis Scholastic philosophy describes this as the principle in moral consciousness which directs an agent to good.
Thales Detailed biographical essay on the Ancient Greek philosopher.
Theophrastus Philosopher of the Peripatetic school, successor to Aristotle at the Lyceum.
Time Long article about questions of time discussed throughout the history of philosophy.
Timon 3rd century BCE disciple of Pyrrho.
Vienna Circle Organised the development of logical positivism in the 1920s. Included Carnap, Feigl, Frank, Gödel, Hahn, Kraft, Neurath, Waismann. Popper and Wittgenstein also had association with the Vienna Circle.
Virtue Theory View that morality is the development of or virtues.
Voluntarism Theory that God or the ultimate nature of reality is conceived as some form of will.
Warburton, William 18th century Church of England bishop, and critic of the Deists.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig Detailed essay on the life and work of the 20th century philosopher.
Xenophanes Eleatic school, powerful 6th century BCE critic of polytheism.
Xenophon Pupil of Socrates, who contributed to the record of his life.
Zeno of Elea 5th century BCE Eleatic philosopher.
Truth Philosophical theories on the nature of truth, by Bradley Dowden and Norman Swartz.
Plato Biography and description of the philosophy of Plato.
Rights, Human A treatment of the origins and development of the theory of human rights, with philosophical analysis, justifications, and criticisms.
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Free online encyclopedia. Edited by James Fieser, hosted by the University of Tennessee at Martin.
Academy Description of the philosophical institution founded by Plato, which advocated skepticism in succeeding generations.
Active Powers The capacities of impulse and desire which lead to or determine human action, as described by 18th and 19th century Scottish common sense philosophy.
Aenesidemus Biography of the 1st century philosopher who defended the ten tropes of skepticism.
Anaxagoras Greek philosopher born about 500 BCE, responsible for giving philosophy a home at Athens and the first philosopher to introduce a spiritual principle which gives matter life and form.
Anaxarchus 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera, from the school of Democritus.
Anaximander Greek philosopher of Miletus, born 611 BCE who thought it unnecessary to fix upon air, water, or fire as the original and primary form of body.
Animals and Ethics Consideration of moral status of non-human animals.
Anselm 11th century English prelate who developed views of atonement and satisfaction which are still held by orthodox theologians.
Antisthenes Athenian philosopher and founder of the Cynic sect who was born around 440 BCE.
Aquinas, Thomas The life and work of the major figure in scholastic philosophy.
Aristippus Description of the life and teachings of the philosopher Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy.
Aristotle The life and work of the 4th century BCE Greek philosopher.
Augustine Extensive article on the life and work of the 4th century ecclesiastical author.
Bacon, Francis 16th century philosopher and politician.
Bakhtin Circle School of Russian thought centered on the work of Bakhtin which focused on questions of signification in artistic creation.
Behaviorism Theory in philosophy of mind which maintains that talk of mental events should be translated into talk about observable behavior.
Berkeley, George Influential 18th century Irish philosopher.
Berlin Circle Group of academics who gathered round Hans Reichenbach in late 1920s and later joined up with the Vienna Circle.
Bolingbroke, Henry St. John 18th century Tory disciple of Locke.
Butler, Joseph 18th century icon of a highly intellectualized theology.
Caird, Edward Nineteenth century Scottish philosopher who was one of the key figures of the idealist movement that dominated British philosophy from 1870 until the mid 1920s.
Social Contract Theory View that morality is based on social agreements that serve the interests of those who make the agreement.
Chrysippus Prolific stoic of Soli, and disciple of Cleanthes.
Carnap, Rudolf Extensive article about his life and work, by Mauro Murzi.
Capital Punishment The issue of capital punishment involves determining whether the execution of criminals is ever justified.
Davidson, Donald Introduction to one of the most significant philosophers concerned with philosophy of mind and action of the 20th/21st century.
Deism, English Explores the deism of Hobbes, Locke, Tindal, and the influence of Hume.
Damon 5th century BCE Pythagorean philosopher of Syracuse.
Cumberland, Richard 17th century critic of Hobbes and the neo-Platonists.
Cleanthes Stoic philosopher of Assus in Lydia, disciple of Zeno of Citium.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius 1st century BCE Roman orator and philosopher of the New Academy.
Cyrenaics Description of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy, which flourished from the 5th-3rd centuries BCE. The Cyrenaics were skeptics and hedonists.
Deism, French The deism of Voltaire and Rousseau.
Democritus 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera who expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus.
Demonax Philosopher of the second century CE. who tried to revive the philosophy of the Cynic School.
Descartes, René Early modern philosopher who rejected religious authority in the quest for scientific and philosophical knowledge.
Dewey, John Leading light of the 20th century American school of thought known as pragmatism.
Diderot, Denis The most prominent of the French Encyclopedists and one of the leaders of the Enlightenment.
Diogenes Laertius 3rd century biographer of ancient Greek philosophers.
Diogenes of Apollonia Pupil of Anaximenes and contemporary of Anaxagoras in the 6th cn. BCE.
Diogenes of Sinope 4th cn. BCE cynic philosopher of Sinope.
Eckhart, Meister 13th century Dominican mystic who was almost forgotten until Franz von Baader revived his memory in the nineteenth century.
Eclecticism Group of ancient philosophers who sought to reach by selection the highest degree of probability in the search for truth.
Egoism, Psychological and Ethical Maintains that the individual self is the motivating moral force and the end of moral action.
Emanation The theory that all derived or secondary things flow from the primary.
Empedocles 5th century BCE philosopher who combined medical study with Orphic mysticism.
Epictetus Eminent Stoic philosopher, born as a slave at Hieropolis in Phyrgia in 55 CE.
Epicurus 4th century BCE materialist, empiricist, and hedonist. One of the major philosophers of the Hellenistic period.
Euclides 4th century BCE native of Megara, and founder of the Megarian or Eristic sect.
Evolution Introduces evolution through the ages, from the ancient Greeks, through Leibniz and Descartes to Darwin and Spencer.
Ferrier, James Frederick The earliest absolute idealist in English philosophy.
Fichte, Immanuel Hermann Aimed to secure a philosophical basis for the personality of God.
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb One of the major figures in German philosophy in the period between Kant and Hegel.
Freud, Sigmund Lenghty article on the father of psychoanalysis who is generally recognised as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century.
German Idealism The German reaction to empiricism, including related theories of Kant, Fichte, Hegel and others.
God, Western Concepts of Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on God from Socrates to Nietzsche.
Gorgias Greek sophist and rhetorician, known as "the Nihilist," born in 483 BCE.
Greek Philosophy The philosophical currents of Ancient Greek philosophy are introduced, from the Presocratic philosophers through to Proclus.
Hamilton, William 19th century exponent of the Scottish common-sense philosophy.
Hegelians, St. Louis 19th century group of amateur American philosophers founded and led by William Torrey Harris.
Helvetius, Claude Adrien One of the 18th century Encyclopedists who held the skeptical and materialistic views common to that school of philosophy.
Hempel, Carl Gustav A leading member of logical positivism, the German philosopher died in 1997.
Heraclitus 5th century BCE. Presocratic Greek philosopher.
Herbert of Cherbury, Edward 17th century historian, poet (brother of George), and philosopher. Sought to determine the nature and standard of truth, and conditions of knowledge. Precursor of the philosophy of Common Sense.
Hippias Hippias was a sophist, a contemporary of Socrates, and an enthusiast for universality.
Hobbes, Thomas 17th century British philosopher. Author of Leviathan (1651).
Hodgson, Shadworth Follower of Kant, founder of the Aristotelian Society.
Humanism Brief article on Erasmus and the Italian humanist movement.
Hume, David Enormously influential 18th century Scottish philosopher. Author of Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740).
Husserl, Edmund Leader of the German phenomenological movement.
Huxley, Thomas Henry 19th century zoologist and advocate of Darwinism.
Identity Theory Form of monistic materialism which maintains that mental states and brain activities are identical.
Interventionism Examines the nature and justifications of interfering with another polity or choices made by individuals.
Encyclopedists Group of French philosophers and men of letters who collaborated in the production of the famous Encyclopedie.
Stoic Philosophy of Mind Description of the philosophy of Mind of the Stoics, including the relationship between mind and body, perception, action-theory, and emotion.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques 18th century French author of the Social Contract, influential during the French Revolution.